Human Diseases and Surgery

Central Nervous System: 
Drinking impairs judgment, thinking and concentration and also leads to drowsiness and even coma. Occasional loss of memory is common in regular drinkers. Persistent alcohol use has harmful effects on brain and nerves.
Alcohol reduces the absorption of thiamine from the gut and hinder with how thiamine is used in the body. Thiamine deficiency can cause life threatening disorder called Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Alcohol can damage the cerebellum which is responsible for balance and coordination. It can disrupt the sleep cycle and result in insomnia. Drinking can cause blurred or double vision and alcohol poisoning leads to loss of vision.


Circulatory System
Chronic use of alcohol increases the risk of heart diseases like heart failure, irregular heartbeats and dilated cardiomyopathy. Drinking can also increase blood pressure. Alcohol consumption increases the risk of heart disease in women compared to men.

Digestive System
Alcohol can cause damage to the digestive system by disrupting its normal function. It can affect every part of the digestive tract starting from the mouth to the colon. Alcohol abuse can injure the salivary glands and can result in gum disease, tooth decay, and even tooth loss. It also results in ulcers, acid reflux and heartburn. Abdominal ulcers and gastritis are common in regular drinkers.
Inflammation of the pancreas compromises with its capacity to assist digestion and regulate metabolism. Injury to the digestive system can cause gas, abdominal fullness, and diarrhea. Chronic drinkers can experience internal bleeding, which may be due to ulcers, hemorrhoids or due to cirrhosis.
Alcohol disrupts absorption of nutrients and B vitamins and thus causes malnutrition. Drinking increases the risk of mouth, throat, and esophagus cancers.
Diabetic patients have an increased risk of low blood sugar levels, particularly if they are on insulin therapy. Deficiencies in vitamin B6, vitamin B12, thiamine, and folic acid can lead to decreased blood counts.

Muscular & Skeletal System
Alcohol use results in various types of injuries, including injuries from road traffic accidents, falls etc. This are typically because elevated levels of blood alcohol weaken the brain function and the coordination of muscles, causing difficulty in movement. Chronic alcohol use disturbs the absorption of calcium and bone formation and can in fact lead to osteoporosis.

Immune system
An immune system damaged by alcohol has a tough time fighting off viruses, germs, and all types of diseases. Chronic drinkers are more prone to infections after surgery, burns, trauma, hepatitis C infection, HIV/AIDS, meningitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis compared to non alcoholic individuals. Alcohol abuse increases the risk of many types of cancer.

Sexual and Reproductive Health
Alcohol abuse is directly linked to erectile dysfunction in men. It can also hinder hormone production, alter testicular function, and cause infertility.
Extreme drinking in women disrupts the menstrual cycle and in turn leads to infertility. It can also augment the risk of miscarriage, premature delivery, and stillbirth. Alcohol has a bad impact on fetal development. It can cause physical abnormalities, learning difficulties, and emotional troubles.
Alcohol use increases breast cancer risk in women.

Mental health
It is believed that alcohol helps to handle complex situations and emotions, and that it decreases stress or alleviate anxiety, but alcohol is in fact connected with a variety of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, personality disorders and schizophrenia.
Alcohol has also been associated to suicide. Studies suggest that one third of suicides among younger age group take place while the person is intoxicated.
Heavy drinking can interrupt normal sleeping patterns, resulting in insomnia and a lack of peaceful sleep, which can add to stress and anxiety.


Excretory system
Alcohol is a diuretic (causes water to be lost from the body through the kidneys).Excess consumption of alcohol leads to dehydration. Alcohol can also cause the loss of vital minerals and salts from the body such as magnesium, calcium, phosphate, sodium and potassium, either directly or through vomiting. Decreased levels of these elements can produce many problems ranging from irregular heartbeats to seizures.
Chronic alcohol use can cause the pancreas to produce toxic substances that obstruct with proper functioning. The major function of liver is to break down harmful substances, including alcohol. Heavy drinking contributes to alcoholic hepatitis which can progress to the development of jaundice. Chronic liver inflammation can cause severe scarring known as cirrhosis. This formation of scar tissue can damage the liver. When the liver stops functioning, harmful substances remain in the body. Liver disease is highly lethal. Women are at increased risk for alcoholic liver disease than men, because women’s bodies tend to take up more alcohol and take longer to process it. Alcohol abuse also elevates the risk of liver cancer.
Transplantation is the most practical choice in case of liver failure patients. Liver transplant treatment in India is successfully performed under competent surgeons with an affordable cost compared to western countries.

Alcohol abuse treatment
Quitting alcohol is usually a more gradual practice. In the initial stages of recovery, denial is a major barrier. Even after acknowledging the drinking problem, the individual may create excuses and drag the feet. Setting the goal with utmost determination is the most important step in recovery. Following tips may help in recovery:

1. Connect with supportive people or group
2. Stay away from triggers and triggering people 
3. Get ready to face the withdrawal symptoms
4. Anticipate setbacks - it is essential to be practical about the recovery
5. Adopt healthy life style habits like  exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate amount of sleep
6. Acquire more knowledge about recovery by reading the related articles

Some people can quit drinking on their own, while others need medical help in order to withdraw from alcohol securely and happily. Rehabilitation centers or professional treatment helps in recovery, but to stay away from alcohol for the long term needs strong determination and will power.

Diabetes, one of the menacing diseases that is at present taking a toll on Indian population and the world at large. Reports say that more than half the global population is either suffering from this condition or remain highly prone to the same.

Many refer to diabetes as a slow poison and this is not completely wrong. Although, it starts with an impaired pancreatic gland, the disease can have adverse effects on the entire body; affecting each and every organ of the human anatomical system.

It must be noted that this pancreatic disorder is not an ageing condition and is very well seen amongst young adults and sometimes teenagers as well. However, diabetes is not something unbeatable and inevitable. On the contrary, doctors are of the opinion that a slight understanding and precautions beforehand, can very well keep this condition at bay. Therefore, let us learn about the possible causatives, adverse effects and preventive measures of diabetes.


Under normal health conditions, the human body derives sugar from the food we eat, and breaks it down to release glucose, essential for energy supply. This process requires a hormone named insulin produced by the pancreatic glands.

Due to multiple reasons, the pancreatic gland may not function normally and may lead to reduced or no supply of insulin. Thus, sugar content in the blood remains high and are not converted to glucose; leading to high blood sugar level or diabetes.

On a broader prospect, there are two forms of diabetes; namely, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is also known as Juvenile diabetes and is an immune system disorder. In this condition, the body’s own defence mechanism wrongly attacks the insulin producing cells and interrupts normal production of this essential hormone.

Type 2 on the other hand, is known as insulin resistant diabetes and is related to body cells that do not respond to this essential hormone produced. In this condition, the pancreatic cells secrete normal levels of insulin; however, the body cells that require insulin remain indifferent to this secreted hormone and thus lead to an increased demand of insulin in the body. Pancreas continue to produce robust amount of insulin for a short period and eventually gets exhausted and stops insulin generation. This form of diabetes is more common with young adults and older generation as compared to type 1, that is detected at an infant or teenage state.

Irrespective of the types, diabetes has some adverse effects on the body and every diabetic person need to know about these so that proper and needed steps could be taken at an appropriate time.


Following are some of the adverse effects of diabetes on the body:

Diabetes if left uncontrolled may lead to some devastating effects on the body. Here are some of the common complications related to diabetes:

Diabetes may affect your eyes: 

Prolonged and uncontrolled diabetes may lead to multiple eye disorders; retinopathy being the most common of all. Diabetic retinopathy is a condition where the light sensitive tissues of the eyes, known as retina are damaged and may lead to complete blindness if left untreated. Glaucoma and cataracts are also very common with high blood sugar or in that case elevated blood pressure levels as well. Opting for regular screening tests involving eye tests and examinations, even when there are no vivid symptoms experienced stands mandatory.

Diabetes may lead to atherosclerosis: 

Elevated levels of sugar in blood eventually lead to fatty deposition within blood vessels. This leads to restricted blood flow and hardening of blood vessels, known as atherosclerosis.
Reduced blood flow leads to narrowing of blood vessels and eventually causes pain and related discomforts. Atherosclerosis mostly affects the foot and it is because of this that many diabetics do complain of pain, tingling sensation or numbness around their feet.

Diabetes may lead to kidney disorders: 

Kidneys are one of the vital organs of the body and diabetes can hinder normal functioning of these organs; leading to multiple minor or severe health issues. Initial stages of diabetes will not interfere with normal working of the organs; however, if left untreated and ignored diabetes do lead to impaired kidney functions.

All diabetics need to know that it is only during the severe stages of diabetes that kidney malfunctions are observed. Therefore, taking care and making efforts to keep blood sugar levels under control can save their kidneys and keep them healthy despite the condition.


Diabetes may lead to disorders of the Central nervous system:

Diabetes leads to peripheral neuropathy, a condition of damaged nerve cells where a person in unable to perceive heat and cold accurately. This is a severe condition that makes you susceptible to injuries, especially between toes, heels and bottom of your feet. Initial stages of this disorder is quite manageable and can be easily taken care with medicines and therapy. However, if this is left untreated, nerves tend to get weaker with time and lead to severe and more damaging ailments.

Diabetes may lead to skin complications: 

Diabetes have a damaging effect on skin, and rather these are the initial symptoms of uncontrolled high blood sugar levels. Diabetes related skin troubles may first begin with bacterial infections. Boils, nail and hair follicle infections, styes are some of the common issues observed.

Diabetics are also prone to fungal infections. Itching, redness and discharge around nails, fingers, armpits and vaginal area are some of the initial symptoms of diabetes induced fungal infections. It must be noted that there can be ample reasons behind fungal infections apart from diabetes. So, anyone complaining of fungal infection symptoms need to visit a doctor immediately.

These were few of the harmful effects of diabetes when left untreated and ignored. With advancement in medical sciences, diabetes is now quite treatable and manageable. Proper diet, physical exercises, regular screening tests and medication can greatly control high blood sugar levels. Thus, adopting a healthy lifestyle is all you need to do so as to continue with a normal life despite diabetes.

Weight issues are more or less among the most common gripes for Indians. Obesity is anyways a dangerous disorder as it is an invitation to different life-threatening diseases that have a life-long continuity. Not to mention the lack of energy and enthusiasm the fat deposits get with themselves. Obesity sets in little by little all thanks to the varied cuisines that are there for pampering their taste buds and harmful eating habits form a recipe for unnecessary weight gain. Come, wedding and festive season the same people gorging on pizza and pasta start eating boiled vegetables and bland food in the name of diet! Crash diets and gymming comes to rescue of people who are looking for instant results that get cooked as fast as instant noodles. However results of such modes are obviously short-term too!
1.Bariatric Surgery- 
ii- Gastric bypass surgery- Roux-en-Y surgery or in colloquial terms gastric bypass surgery is considered as the most commonly used surgery for weight loss. The process is similar to lap band surgery. Procedure of this surgery entails creating a small pouch in the stomach for reducing the appetite and in turn intake of food. In the next part the surgeon connects the pouch to the small intestine. Diversion of food from the pre-decided route causes changes in hormones in intestine. These hormones are responsible for the diminished appetite. There are no serious complications arising out of this surgery. The patient can resume his routine activities in a couple of days. Also, absorption power of the stomach is reduced, which is why even over-eating won't cause visible change in the person's weight.

2. Liposuction-  
4. Sleeve Gastrectomy-
Like other weight loss surgeries a sleeve gastrectomy also works on reduction of stomach. A sleeve gastrectomy removes 85% of the stomach. After removal the remains of the stomach resemble a banana. Only the stomach volume reduces, the nerves that lead to the stomach and are essential for its functioning remain unharmed. This procedure only involves reduction of stomach capacity without  conducting intestinal bypass. The person's appetite is reduced because ghrelin manufacturing stops. Ghrelin is the hormone that produces appetite. Through this procedure, patients are assured of losing upto 70% of excess weight in their bodies over a one year period. Patients who are not fit for gastric procedures or intestinal bypass surgeries are perfect candidates for this procedure. As this procedure helps in weight loss without exposing them to risk of serious conditions. Also, this procedure minimizes chances of anemia, deficiencies of proteins and vitamins, blockages in intestines etc.

Today's fast and modern lifestyle had made couples super busy with their careers. They barely have time for each other. Also the excessive workload has increased the stress levels. The cases of couples with infertility problem is increasing day by day. There can be many other factors which are responsible for the increasing rate of infertility problem. This includes congenital and hereditary problems or it may also result of some internal injury or any other reason.

Most of the  couples who are facing the problem of infertility have now opted for IVF treatment in India. Many have also received positive results and had babies using this modern technique which is the solution for  the problem of inability to conceive. This technique is really helpful for couples who have problem in getting pregnant or staying pregnant.

• Change in weather or environment
• Stress
• Aging
• Imbalance of hormones
• Nutritional deficiency
• Infection on scalp
• Some hair products or chemicals in hair products can also cause hair-loss
• genetic factors.

Some medicines and diseases may also lead to hair-fall. Listed are some of the common diseases which causes hair-loss.

• Thyroid disorder
• Diseases of Autoimmune system
• Deficiency of iron (Anemia)
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Chronic disease like Cancer
• Diabetes
• Heart diseases

Treatments for Hair-Fall:
Lots of options are present for treating the problem of hair-loss. Many people first try to use natural home remedies before visiting a dermatologist. But in most cases, these home remedies take lot more time to show any effect and also they may not even work in most scenarios. If you are facing lot of hair-fall and want quick relief from this problem, then consult your dermatologist fast.

Types of Dental X-rays

• Finding problems like tooth decay, tooth damage, damage to bones supporting the teeth, dental injury.
• Finding the alignment of lower and upper teeth.
• Finding teeth that are not in the right place or do not break through the gum properly. 
• Finding cysts, solid growths like tumors, and abscesses.
• Checking the location of permanent teeth in children who still have baby teeth.
• Diagnosis of large cavities.
• Planning the root canal surgery, placement of dental implants, and difficult tooth removals.

Breast reduction surgery is an interesting phenomenon. Majority of women like their breasts to be bigger. The bigger the better. But there are still a chunk of females who have to go in for reduction surgeries of their breasts. Even though breasts are considered to be an asset for ladies. Cosmetic surgeries like breast reduction or augmentation are becoming a fad among women around the globe. According to The American Society of Plastic Surgeons, in 2013 alone there was a whopping 41, 164 breast surgeries performed in America. 
Read on to find out the basics of the surgery, the reasons women have to undergo it, surgery procedures and risks attached to it.

Breast reduction surgery is all about...
Breast reduction surgery as its name suggests is a medical procedure for reducing the size of breasts in women. These days even men are seen to undergo this surgery. The medical term to denote this surgery in females is known as mammoplasty. It is done to alleviate apparent discomfort amongst them when the size of the breasts and their body weight is disproportionate to each other.

Women are needed to undergo breast reduction surgery when..
If any of the following symptoms are visible in you, then breast reduction surgery is for you:

• Heavy breasts: Heavy and pendulous breasts which do not provide proper support are reason enough for undergoing breast reduction surgery.
• Physical activity stands reduced: Physical sports like a game of volleyball or activities like bending down to move heavy objects are deterrents when a female has big breasts.
• Disproportionate breasts: There are instances when women have breasts which aren't in proper proportion to their overall height and weight
• Body pain: Breast reduction surgery becomes a necessity when the heavy size of breasts leads to chronic neck-ache, backache, aching shoulders, increased headaches due to excess sizes of breasts
• Bra strap syndrome: This syndrome is rampant when you experience pain in shoulders because of the nerves in your torso getting pressurized. Deep troughs are caused by the weight of breasts pulling the straps of bras into your shoulders. 
• Restrictions on wearing fitted clothes: Women having excessively big breasts have difficulty getting into fitted clothes or tops. With their breasts protruding out, it is real embarrassing to fit into different types of clothes. So if you are a women facing this very sartorial problem, then breast reduction surgery is the remedy for you.
• Affected posture: Just as heavy fruits growing on the tree makes the tree bend down, likewise heavy breasts also cause the female to walk in a forward bent. Walking in such a fashion inadvertently causes backaches. This leads to breast reduction surgery becoming a necessity at some point of time in future. 

The stage preceding  breast reduction surgery entails...
This is the most important phase before surgery. As results could get affected by the precautions you take before going in for surgery. These are few measures to get the best out of your breast reduction surgery:

• Talk with the surgeon: It is important to have a word with the surgeon you are consulting for undergoing surgery for breast reduction
• Medical history of your family: Discuss the medical history of your family with them. It will be better if you tell them whether there was any case of breast cancer running in your genes.
• Mammogram: The surgeon may advise you to undergo a pre-operation mammogram for detection of changes if any in breast tissues.
• Kick out smoking: Quitting the habit of smoking a few days prior to surgery is an important thumb-rule
• Supplements and drugs: Avoid intake of herbal supplements, anti-inflammatory medicines to prevent loss of blood during surgery
• Lose weight: Being in the best shape prior to surgery is a must. You need to shed the kilos if you are overweight to derive best results out of the surgery.

The breast reduction surgery goes on for...
You have considered every measure of precaution prescribed by your surgeon. And now you must be wondering whether how much time would be required for completion of your surgery, isn't it?
Any breast reduction surgery takes anywhere between 2-5 hours.

The procedure:

• General anesthesia: The surgeon administers general anesthesia to you. The anesthesia makes you unconscious. 
• Incisions are created: The surgeon then drills multiple incisions around both your breasts.
• Excess fat is removed: Excess fat accumulated near the breast and breast tissue is removed for purpose of reduction of breast size.
• Repositioning and stitching:  Repositioning of the nipples happens due to this. The breasts are then stitched up. Special gauzes are used to keep them in place. 
• Placing gauze dressing or bandages: Gauze dressings are done to cover either of the breasts.  
• Reattaching nipple and areola: This step is common only if the patient has very big or drooping breasts. Nipples and areola are removed. They are attached in a different position on the breasts, using them as skin graft.

Steps to take for a speedy recovery:
Breast reduction surgery is a procedure wherein the patient need not stay back in hospital after she's operated on. However the patient needs to take few steps for a faster recovery. They are as follows: 

• Avoid driving- Driving a vehicle should be avoided for a week at least post surgery
• Wear a sports bra- Wearing a sports bra for 3 months is advised by surgeons too
• Put off exercising- Exercises which put a strain on your body should be avoided for a month post surgery
• Visit to the surgeon- A follow-up visit after a couple of weeks should be scheduled with the surgeon
• Stitches are removed The stitches done in the final stage of breast reduction surgery are taken out after 2 weeks, if they weren't solvent.

Contact the doctor immediately if: 
Corrective surgeries such as these always have a small chance of going wrong. It is best to contact the doctor immediately if you notice one or few of these indications.

• Bleeding 
• Loss of sensation in the nipples
• Differing shape of both breasts
• Losing the ability to breastfeed
• Swelling and discoloration of skin
• Persistent pain

Benefits of breast reduction surgery:
Breast reduction surgery in India is more out of necessity and less a matter of vanity as compared to situation in western part of the world. Indian women have to face objectification and lewd comments, cat-calls, subject to ridicule. If the woman has a larger cup size , then things get worse for her. However, breast reduction surgery is a way to get back to a normal life. You can get best prices for breast reduction surgery in India. These are the following benefits attached to the cosmetic surgery:

• A straightened posture: Breast reduction takes off the weight off one's chest-literally and figuratively! It enables the woman to walk like a lady-with a straight back. She doesn't have to slouch or get bogged down by weight.
• Resume exercising: You also can continue your physical fitness regimen like any normal woman. You could easily do everything which you couldn't do in the past like running, swimming, going on brisk walks, going to the gymnasium
• No selective buying of clothes: After the surgery, you can wear whatever you pleease. Fitting into the classy little black dress for going out with someone won't any longer be a pain in your chest! Sporting swimsuits won't be any difficulty post surgery.
• Firmer breasts: Post surgery your breasts would feel firmer thus making you walk with confidence. 
• No skin irritation: The skin around the breasts becomes firmer and the irritation or itching sensation subsides too.

These are the risks associated with breast reduction surgery:
Studies suggest that 10-50% women undergoing breast reduction surgery may run into complications and may also need a follow-up surgery as well. Many of the women attract developing wide scars all thanks to incisions made by the surgeon. 
Further there are the following risks coming attached with undergoing this surgery:

• Asymmetric shaped breasts
• Permanent scars which lighten but do not disappear
• Blood oozing inside the breast tissue
• Becoming allergic to blood products, injections etc
• Reduced healing capacity when wounds occur
• Blood clots in veins 
• Irreversible damage to blood vessels, lungs etc
• Cardiac and lung complications

However, the silver lining is that breast reduction surgery if performed on women in their 50s could reduce chances of breast cancer by about 60%. Breast reduction surgery comes with its own risks and benefits. Discussing every detail and potential risk to your health with your surgeon is of great importance.