Human Diseases and Surgery

Central Nervous System: 
Drinking impairs judgment, thinking and concentration and also leads to drowsiness and even coma. Occasional loss of memory is common in regular drinkers. Persistent alcohol use has harmful effects on brain and nerves.
Alcohol reduces the absorption of thiamine from the gut and hinder with how thiamine is used in the body. Thiamine deficiency can cause life threatening disorder called Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Alcohol can damage the cerebellum which is responsible for balance and coordination. It can disrupt the sleep cycle and result in insomnia. Drinking can cause blurred or double vision and alcohol poisoning leads to loss of vision.


Circulatory System
Chronic use of alcohol increases the risk of heart diseases like heart failure, irregular heartbeats and dilated cardiomyopathy. Drinking can also increase blood pressure. Alcohol consumption increases the risk of heart disease in women compared to men.

Digestive System
Alcohol can cause damage to the digestive system by disrupting its normal function. It can affect every part of the digestive tract starting from the mouth to the colon. Alcohol abuse can injure the salivary glands and can result in gum disease, tooth decay, and even tooth loss. It also results in ulcers, acid reflux and heartburn. Abdominal ulcers and gastritis are common in regular drinkers.
Inflammation of the pancreas compromises with its capacity to assist digestion and regulate metabolism. Injury to the digestive system can cause gas, abdominal fullness, and diarrhea. Chronic drinkers can experience internal bleeding, which may be due to ulcers, hemorrhoids or due to cirrhosis.
Alcohol disrupts absorption of nutrients and B vitamins and thus causes malnutrition. Drinking increases the risk of mouth, throat, and esophagus cancers.
Diabetic patients have an increased risk of low blood sugar levels, particularly if they are on insulin therapy. Deficiencies in vitamin B6, vitamin B12, thiamine, and folic acid can lead to decreased blood counts.

Muscular & Skeletal System
Alcohol use results in various types of injuries, including injuries from road traffic accidents, falls etc. This are typically because elevated levels of blood alcohol weaken the brain function and the coordination of muscles, causing difficulty in movement. Chronic alcohol use disturbs the absorption of calcium and bone formation and can in fact lead to osteoporosis.

Immune system
An immune system damaged by alcohol has a tough time fighting off viruses, germs, and all types of diseases. Chronic drinkers are more prone to infections after surgery, burns, trauma, hepatitis C infection, HIV/AIDS, meningitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis compared to non alcoholic individuals. Alcohol abuse increases the risk of many types of cancer.

Sexual and Reproductive Health
Alcohol abuse is directly linked to erectile dysfunction in men. It can also hinder hormone production, alter testicular function, and cause infertility.
Extreme drinking in women disrupts the menstrual cycle and in turn leads to infertility. It can also augment the risk of miscarriage, premature delivery, and stillbirth. Alcohol has a bad impact on fetal development. It can cause physical abnormalities, learning difficulties, and emotional troubles.
Alcohol use increases breast cancer risk in women.

Mental health
It is believed that alcohol helps to handle complex situations and emotions, and that it decreases stress or alleviate anxiety, but alcohol is in fact connected with a variety of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, personality disorders and schizophrenia.
Alcohol has also been associated to suicide. Studies suggest that one third of suicides among younger age group take place while the person is intoxicated.
Heavy drinking can interrupt normal sleeping patterns, resulting in insomnia and a lack of peaceful sleep, which can add to stress and anxiety.


Excretory system
Alcohol is a diuretic (causes water to be lost from the body through the kidneys).Excess consumption of alcohol leads to dehydration. Alcohol can also cause the loss of vital minerals and salts from the body such as magnesium, calcium, phosphate, sodium and potassium, either directly or through vomiting. Decreased levels of these elements can produce many problems ranging from irregular heartbeats to seizures.
Chronic alcohol use can cause the pancreas to produce toxic substances that obstruct with proper functioning. The major function of liver is to break down harmful substances, including alcohol. Heavy drinking contributes to alcoholic hepatitis which can progress to the development of jaundice. Chronic liver inflammation can cause severe scarring known as cirrhosis. This formation of scar tissue can damage the liver. When the liver stops functioning, harmful substances remain in the body. Liver disease is highly lethal. Women are at increased risk for alcoholic liver disease than men, because women’s bodies tend to take up more alcohol and take longer to process it. Alcohol abuse also elevates the risk of liver cancer.
Transplantation is the most practical choice in case of liver failure patients. Liver transplant treatment in India is successfully performed under competent surgeons with an affordable cost compared to western countries.

Alcohol abuse treatment
Quitting alcohol is usually a more gradual practice. In the initial stages of recovery, denial is a major barrier. Even after acknowledging the drinking problem, the individual may create excuses and drag the feet. Setting the goal with utmost determination is the most important step in recovery. Following tips may help in recovery:

1. Connect with supportive people or group
2. Stay away from triggers and triggering people 
3. Get ready to face the withdrawal symptoms
4. Anticipate setbacks - it is essential to be practical about the recovery
5. Adopt healthy life style habits like  exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate amount of sleep
6. Acquire more knowledge about recovery by reading the related articles

Some people can quit drinking on their own, while others need medical help in order to withdraw from alcohol securely and happily. Rehabilitation centers or professional treatment helps in recovery, but to stay away from alcohol for the long term needs strong determination and will power.

Diabetes, one of the menacing diseases that is at present taking a toll on Indian population and the world at large. Reports say that more than half the global population is either suffering from this condition or remain highly prone to the same.

Many refer to diabetes as a slow poison and this is not completely wrong. Although, it starts with an impaired pancreatic gland, the disease can have adverse effects on the entire body; affecting each and every organ of the human anatomical system.

It must be noted that this pancreatic disorder is not an ageing condition and is very well seen amongst young adults and sometimes teenagers as well. However, diabetes is not something unbeatable and inevitable. On the contrary, doctors are of the opinion that a slight understanding and precautions beforehand, can very well keep this condition at bay. Therefore, let us learn about the possible causatives, adverse effects and preventive measures of diabetes.


Under normal health conditions, the human body derives sugar from the food we eat, and breaks it down to release glucose, essential for energy supply. This process requires a hormone named insulin produced by the pancreatic glands.

Due to multiple reasons, the pancreatic gland may not function normally and may lead to reduced or no supply of insulin. Thus, sugar content in the blood remains high and are not converted to glucose; leading to high blood sugar level or diabetes.

On a broader prospect, there are two forms of diabetes; namely, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is also known as Juvenile diabetes and is an immune system disorder. In this condition, the body’s own defence mechanism wrongly attacks the insulin producing cells and interrupts normal production of this essential hormone.

Type 2 on the other hand, is known as insulin resistant diabetes and is related to body cells that do not respond to this essential hormone produced. In this condition, the pancreatic cells secrete normal levels of insulin; however, the body cells that require insulin remain indifferent to this secreted hormone and thus lead to an increased demand of insulin in the body. Pancreas continue to produce robust amount of insulin for a short period and eventually gets exhausted and stops insulin generation. This form of diabetes is more common with young adults and older generation as compared to type 1, that is detected at an infant or teenage state.

Irrespective of the types, diabetes has some adverse effects on the body and every diabetic person need to know about these so that proper and needed steps could be taken at an appropriate time.


Following are some of the adverse effects of diabetes on the body:

Diabetes if left uncontrolled may lead to some devastating effects on the body. Here are some of the common complications related to diabetes:

Diabetes may affect your eyes: 

Prolonged and uncontrolled diabetes may lead to multiple eye disorders; retinopathy being the most common of all. Diabetic retinopathy is a condition where the light sensitive tissues of the eyes, known as retina are damaged and may lead to complete blindness if left untreated. Glaucoma and cataracts are also very common with high blood sugar or in that case elevated blood pressure levels as well. Opting for regular screening tests involving eye tests and examinations, even when there are no vivid symptoms experienced stands mandatory.

Diabetes may lead to atherosclerosis: 

Elevated levels of sugar in blood eventually lead to fatty deposition within blood vessels. This leads to restricted blood flow and hardening of blood vessels, known as atherosclerosis.
Reduced blood flow leads to narrowing of blood vessels and eventually causes pain and related discomforts. Atherosclerosis mostly affects the foot and it is because of this that many diabetics do complain of pain, tingling sensation or numbness around their feet.

Diabetes may lead to kidney disorders: 

Kidneys are one of the vital organs of the body and diabetes can hinder normal functioning of these organs; leading to multiple minor or severe health issues. Initial stages of diabetes will not interfere with normal working of the organs; however, if left untreated and ignored diabetes do lead to impaired kidney functions.

All diabetics need to know that it is only during the severe stages of diabetes that kidney malfunctions are observed. Therefore, taking care and making efforts to keep blood sugar levels under control can save their kidneys and keep them healthy despite the condition.


Diabetes may lead to disorders of the Central nervous system:

Diabetes leads to peripheral neuropathy, a condition of damaged nerve cells where a person in unable to perceive heat and cold accurately. This is a severe condition that makes you susceptible to injuries, especially between toes, heels and bottom of your feet. Initial stages of this disorder is quite manageable and can be easily taken care with medicines and therapy. However, if this is left untreated, nerves tend to get weaker with time and lead to severe and more damaging ailments.

Diabetes may lead to skin complications: 

Diabetes have a damaging effect on skin, and rather these are the initial symptoms of uncontrolled high blood sugar levels. Diabetes related skin troubles may first begin with bacterial infections. Boils, nail and hair follicle infections, styes are some of the common issues observed.

Diabetics are also prone to fungal infections. Itching, redness and discharge around nails, fingers, armpits and vaginal area are some of the initial symptoms of diabetes induced fungal infections. It must be noted that there can be ample reasons behind fungal infections apart from diabetes. So, anyone complaining of fungal infection symptoms need to visit a doctor immediately.

These were few of the harmful effects of diabetes when left untreated and ignored. With advancement in medical sciences, diabetes is now quite treatable and manageable. Proper diet, physical exercises, regular screening tests and medication can greatly control high blood sugar levels. Thus, adopting a healthy lifestyle is all you need to do so as to continue with a normal life despite diabetes.

Weight issues are more or less among the most common gripes for Indians. Obesity is anyways a dangerous disorder as it is an invitation to different life-threatening diseases that have a life-long continuity. Not to mention the lack of energy and enthusiasm the fat deposits get with themselves. Obesity sets in little by little all thanks to the varied cuisines that are there for pampering their taste buds and harmful eating habits form a recipe for unnecessary weight gain. Come, wedding and festive season the same people gorging on pizza and pasta start eating boiled vegetables and bland food in the name of diet! Crash diets and gymming comes to rescue of people who are looking for instant results that get cooked as fast as instant noodles. However results of such modes are obviously short-term too!
1.Bariatric Surgery- 
ii- Gastric bypass surgery- Roux-en-Y surgery or in colloquial terms gastric bypass surgery is considered as the most commonly used surgery for weight loss. The process is similar to lap band surgery. Procedure of this surgery entails creating a small pouch in the stomach for reducing the appetite and in turn intake of food. In the next part the surgeon connects the pouch to the small intestine. Diversion of food from the pre-decided route causes changes in hormones in intestine. These hormones are responsible for the diminished appetite. There are no serious complications arising out of this surgery. The patient can resume his routine activities in a couple of days. Also, absorption power of the stomach is reduced, which is why even over-eating won't cause visible change in the person's weight.

2. Liposuction-  
4. Sleeve Gastrectomy-
Like other weight loss surgeries a sleeve gastrectomy also works on reduction of stomach. A sleeve gastrectomy removes 85% of the stomach. After removal the remains of the stomach resemble a banana. Only the stomach volume reduces, the nerves that lead to the stomach and are essential for its functioning remain unharmed. This procedure only involves reduction of stomach capacity without  conducting intestinal bypass. The person's appetite is reduced because ghrelin manufacturing stops. Ghrelin is the hormone that produces appetite. Through this procedure, patients are assured of losing upto 70% of excess weight in their bodies over a one year period. Patients who are not fit for gastric procedures or intestinal bypass surgeries are perfect candidates for this procedure. As this procedure helps in weight loss without exposing them to risk of serious conditions. Also, this procedure minimizes chances of anemia, deficiencies of proteins and vitamins, blockages in intestines etc.

Today's fast and modern lifestyle had made couples super busy with their careers. They barely have time for each other. Also the excessive workload has increased the stress levels. The cases of couples with infertility problem is increasing day by day. There can be many other factors which are responsible for the increasing rate of infertility problem. This includes congenital and hereditary problems or it may also result of some internal injury or any other reason.

Most of the  couples who are facing the problem of infertility have now opted for IVF treatment in India. Many have also received positive results and had babies using this modern technique which is the solution for  the problem of inability to conceive. This technique is really helpful for couples who have problem in getting pregnant or staying pregnant.